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Social Buffering in Rats as Measured by Prolactin: A Potential Role for
Oxytocin
Janie H. Wilson
Abstract
Prolactin is released in response to
stress, and attenuation of prolactin indicates social buffering. In the
present study, adult male and female rats were tested in the conditioned
emotional response chamber. Animals tested with a conspecific had lower
levels of prolactin than those exposed to the stressor alone. In
addition, the present research explored oxytocin as a potential
mechanism for changes in prolactin levels during social buffering by
injecting animals with 2 mg/kg s.c. Atosiban
(1-deamino-2-D-Tyr-(OEt)-4-Thr-8-Orn-oxytocin), a specific oxytocin
antagonist. Atosiban-treated rats had higher levels of prolactin than
no-shock controls, whereas saline-injected rats returned to control
levels.
Full
Article
Psychiatry in Pakistan: 1947-2006: A New Balance Sheet
Amin A. Muhammad Gadit
Abstract
This
review deals with the evolution of psychiatry in Pakistan since its
inception in 1947. It describes the situation of psychiatric services,
education and research through the years 1947-2006, presenting a picture
of existing mental health scenario, suggesting the ways for improvement
and comment on possible future developments. It concludes with the
prediction of a revolutionary change in the current shape of psychiatry
throughout the world and especially in Pakistan whereby psychiatry will
change to organic-based discipline of a wider “Neurosciences”
Full Article
Attachment-Based
Intervention with Prepubertal Children: The Impact of Parent, Child,
and Therapist Mental Representations on Intervention Points of Entry
Geoff
Goodman
Abstract
Attachment theory has significantly influenced
psychoanalytic developmental theory, from infancy to
adulthood, yet until recently, little has been written about
clinical intervention using attachment theory. Some authors
(Mayseless, 2005; Waters & Cummings, 2000) have suggested
that this paucity of literature reflects the relative lack
of theoretical attention John Bowlby, attachment theory’s
founding father, paid to any developmental period beyond the
preschool years. Although attachment-based interventions
with mothers and infants are beginning to flourish,
guidelines for developing attachment-based intervention with
prepubertal children are lacking. The purpose of this
article is to attempt to remedy this lack by discussing two
areas: 1) potential intervention points of entry with
prepubertal children based on attachment theory, and 2) the
impact of parent, child, and therapist characteristics,
notably mental representations (also known as internal
working models), on the potential intervention points of
entry being targeted. In contrast to attachment-based early
intervention, in which parental characteristics are
targeted, attachment-based intervention with prepubertal
children must include the child as well as the parents.
Therapists attempting an attachment-based intervention with
prepubertal children must take into account the quality of
the child’s mental representation as well as their own
quality of mental representation to provide an effective
clinical experience.
Full Article
The Relationship
between Self-Esteem And Indirect Aggression in the Workplace
Sara
Dettinger, Gordon Hart
Abstract
Studies of indirect aggression in adulthood have been
limited in past research and many conducted outside of the
United States. The current study examined the presence of
indirect aggression in a large computer company and
insurance company in the Northeastern United States, using
the Work Harassment scale (Bjorkqvist, Osterman, and
Lagerspetz, 1994) as the measure of indirect aggression. The
concepts of personal self-esteem and collective self-esteem
were also examined using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and
the Collective Self-esteem scale. Results showed that there
was a relationship between personal self-esteem and indirect
aggression. Implications of the study and future directions
of research are discussed.
Full Article
Abstract
This pilot study examined the relationship of self –
reported direct physical and indirect aggression displayed
in the past to the number of times a participant responded
aggressively in a computer game known as Mimics (1997).
Aggressive responding in the computer game was defined as
the simulated punching of orbs (i.e., computer controlled
game characters) with an avatar (i.e., player controlled
game character). Hierarchical regression was used to
formally test for sex differences, showing that the
relationship of aggressive responding in the computer game
for males was positively associated with direct physical
aggression and negatively associated with indirect
aggression. Conversely, aggressive responding for females
was found to be positively associated with indirect
aggression and no association was found with direct physical
aggression. The associations mirror documented findings on
sex differences and direct physical and indirect aggression
(c.f., Björkqvist, Lagerspetz & Kaukiainen, 1992). Results
are discussed within the context of direct and indirect
aggression and Fisler’s (2006) theory of the performed
player.
Full Article
Private Self-Consciousness Factors and
Psychological Well-Being
Rick Harrington,
Donald A. Loffredo
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the
predictive relationship between the two private
self-consciousness factors of Self-Reflectiveness (SR) and
Internal State Awareness (ISA) from the Self-Consciousness
Scale Revised (SCSR) and psychological well-being as
measured by the Psychological Well-Being (PWB) inventory.
Ninety-seven university students were given the PWB and the
SCSR. As hypothesized, the SR factor was generally
negatively correlated with PWB and the ISA factor was
generally positively correlated with PWB. Stepwise
regression results suggest that the positive relationship of
ISA to most dimensions of PWB is found only when SR levels
are low. However, for personal growth, a key dimension
facilitated by successful psychotherapy, high ISA levels are
positively related to PWB even when SR levels are high.
Full Article
The 4 egos
Thomas Stief
Abstract
The human self consists
of life-ego (Le) and real-ego (Re). The inhuman self consists of iocus-ego
(IE) and contra-ego (CE). Le is the primary ego (typical ego of babies).
Re is the secondary ego of rational humans, the reason rules being: (1)
empathy, (2) modesty, (3) self-protection, (4) thankfulness. IE is the
fun-oriented ego. CE is the typical ego of a criminal. Le and Re are
supplied by energy, called libido (L!) and dilectio (D!), respectively.
CEIE are parasites of ReLe, robbing L! D!, destroying ReLe via
pathological destrudo (Z!), which is opposed by the physiological
destrudo (N!) of ReLe.
Full Article
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